<p>The Charter Oak Schoolhouse is a historic octagonal school building in Schuline, Illinois, located on the Evansville/Schuline Road between Schuline and Walsh. Built in 1873, it served as a public primary school until 1953. The school was one of 53 octagonal schoolhouses built in the United States, of which only three survive. The building is now used as a museum by the Randolph County Historical Society and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The one-room schoolhouse is a one-story building with an octagonal plan. The buildings foundation is made of locally quarried limestone, while the buildings walls were built with red brick. A louvered belfry, which may not have been added until 1883, tops the buildings low-sloping roof. Courses of corbelled brick along the roof line form the buildings cornice. The vestibule at the school&#39;s entrance is sided with clapboard and rests on a concrete foundation. 53 octagonal schoolhouses were built in the United States, of which the school was the only one built in Illinois. The school is one of three of these octagonal schoolhouses which is still standing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1873, the Charter Oak Schoolhouse was the third public school built at its location. The first school building was a simple log structure built in 1848. The second school building, a frame structure constructed in 1863, was destroyed by a tornado, necessitating the construction of a new building. Contractor William H. Holcomb constructed the third building at a cost of $1000. The school&#39;s teacher, Daniel Bishop Ling, proposed the construction of an octagonal building, which he believed would allow more light into the classroom and be more likely to survive severe winds. In addition to classes, the school building also hosted local meetings, competitions, and political events during its tenure as a school. The school closed in 1953, as did all other one-room schoolhouses in the area. The Randolph County Historical Society purchased the building in 1960 and subsequently restored it and converted it to an interpretive center of the history of the one-room schoolhouse. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 11, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Known informally as the Octagon Building, the redbrick octagonal building at 118 Cooper Street  in Santa Cruz, California was built in 1882, adjacent to the first  County Court House, to serve as the County Hall of Records. In 1894, a major fire destroyed most of the nearby buildings, including the adjacent courthouse, but the brick Octagon survived.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the records were moved to a new County Government Center. Many historic brick buildings on the Pacific Garden Mall were damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but again the Octagon survived. On March 24, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Since 1993, the Octagon has been used as the Museum Store for the adjacent Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History (MAH), and later as a coffeehouse. Vacant as of October 2016, the building is administered by the MAH.</p><br>
<p>Santa Cruz California Old Town Center 1890s.jpgDowntown Santa Cruz, ca. 1890, Octagon Building at left rear</p><br>
<p>USA-Santa Cruz-Octagon Building-2.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Octagonal Schoolhouse built in 1827 is an historic stone octagon-shaped school building located in the hamlet of Boquet in the western part of the town of Essex, New York. On January 17, 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Octagonal Schoolhouse was completed in 1827 by mill superintendent Benjamin Gilbert was charged by mill owner William Ross to build it. The school was built using money and land donated by Mr. Ross, mill employees, and the three foot thick local stones. By 1870, attendance began declining and the school was closed in 1952.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, Governor Cuomo awarded the Town of Moriah with Town of Willsboro and Town of Essex a grant to restore the schoolhouse and two other historic properties.</p><br>
<p>Susana Machado Bernard House and Barn is an elaborate 10,000 ft&sup2; Art Nouveau Gothic Revival style mansion and carriage house located in the Pico Union section of Los Angeles, California. Built in 1901, the house was designed by architect John B. Parkinson . Parkinson also designed the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Union Station and Los Angeles City Hall. In May 2003, the Los Angeles Times profiled the shelter, noting the following: "Casa Libre/Freedom House occupies a newly renovated mansion near MacArthur Park. Registered as a state, county and federal historic site, the home&#39;s gothic facade rises elegantly from the corner of South Lake Street and James M. Wood Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The Tuleyries is an ante-bellum estate near White Post, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex was built around 1833 by Colonel Joseph Tuley, Jr. (1796–1860), a large slaveholder, who made the name a pun on his name and the Tuileries Palace. The house is a late Federal style mansion with a domed entrance hall. The house was sold by the Tuley family to Colonel Upton Lawrence Boyce (1830–1907) in 1866.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the property was acquired by Graham Furber Blandy (1868–1926), who hired Philadelphia architect Mantle Fielding (1865–1941) to restore and improve the mansion. Two-thirds The Tuleyries – as part of The Estate of Graham Furber Blandy, Deceased – was bequeathed to the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>That land is now known as the Blandy Experimental Farm and The Virginia State Arboretum. The remaining property and house remained in the Blandy family. As well as twenty acres of lawn and garden the property includes a further three hundred and eighty six acres of forest and farm.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In March 2020, the manor house and 406 acres were listed for sale for $5 million. In October 2023, the house and most of its historic furnishings were sold at auction for $4.1 million in the bankruptcy of The Tuleyries Land Holdings LLC by the Welch Family.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Calvert Manor is a historic apartment building located at 1925-1927 North Calvert Street in Arlington, Virginia. It was designed by noted Washington, D.C. architect Mihran Mesrobian and built in 1948, in the Moderne style. Mesrobian was also the builder and owner of Calvert Manor. The three-story garden apartment building is constructed of concrete block with red brick facing, highlighted by light-colored cast stone, cement brick details, and vertical bands of glass block.</p><br>
<p>On December 15, 1997, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Board of Trade Building is a historic building in Downtown Los Angeles that was opened in 1929. Located at the northwest corner of Main Street and Seventh Street, the building was designed by Claud Beelman and Alexander Curlett in the Beaux Arts style with Classical Revival influence. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 and is one of more than ten Claud Beelman buildings included in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion, the building had 230,000 ft&sup2; of space and fourteen stores on the ground floor, with the remainder of the building utilized for offices. The building was the headquarters for the new California Stock Exchange starting in January 1930. The exchanges trading floor, located on the buildings second floor, was patterned after the New York Stock Exchange, measured 89 by 90 ft and was designed to accommodate 300 brokers. The exchange also included six trading posts with price indicators for 384 issues, a clearing-house, visitors gallery, smoking-room for members, private offices for executives, committee rooms and locker rooms. The first trade recorded on the exchange in January 1930 involved 100 shares of "Bolsa Chica Oil A&#39;."</p><br>
<p>The Board of Trade Building was the first on the Pacific Coast to be built with automated elevators that stopped automatically on the floors where buttons were pressed, and without the need for an operator in the elevator car.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, the Board of Trade Building was purchased for $1,250,000 by a syndicate represented by Gray Phelps & Co.</p><br>
<p>Like many of the old buildings in downtown Los Angeles, the building has been converted into live/work lofts.</p><br>
<p>The Edmond Ellison Smart House, in Leesville in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, is believed to have been built in about 1870. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It was the longtime home of Dr. Edmond Ellison Smart (d.1908), founder of the town of Leesville.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s architectural style is not clear, but in general terms is consistent with Greek Revival and Italianate influences. The house has a broad hip roof and a gallery which encircled the house, but which is now enclosed at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Roslyn Village Historic District encompasses the center of that village in the USA state of New York. It includes within its boundaries the earlier Main Street Historic District, although that is considered a separate district by the National Park Service, which added the Roslyn Village district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Distinct from the Main Street Historic District, the newer one includes more commercial property along Old Northern Boulevard, which makes a loop through downtown Roslyn off North Hempstead Turnpike (NY 25A), the main through road along Long Island&#39;s North Shore. Its contributing buildings, including several listed separately on the Register, are generally distributed over a wider range of architectural styles from the 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>All but 25 of the district&#39;s 65 acres (6 of 26 ha) are accounted for by the Main Street District, which includes all property along Main Street between Glen Avenue and the intersection with East Broadway. The Roslyn Village district includes most of the remaining properties within the triangle created by Main, East Broadway and Old Northern, and some areas to the northeast along Glen Avenue, going up to Route 25A and the old Northern Mill Pond.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Since the settlement&#39;s earliest days, in the mid-17th century, its development had clustered around Main Street. That growth took off in the early 19th century after independence, when most of the houses on Main were built. After the Civil War, demand still existed for houses in Roslyn, and buyers and builders turned to East Broadway, which shared the steep hillside and Roslyn Pond shoreline as Main, although in opposite directions.</p><br>
<p>As a result, the East Broadway houses skew to the late 19th century, with Victorian styles predominating. James K. Davis, who had earlier designed some of the Main Street houses, embraced the new Second Empire mansard roofed look in 1876 for his own house at 139 East Broadway. The Queen Anne style is exemplified by Evangeline Charman&#39;s 207 East Broadway home, built in 1895.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century there was still some room left to build on at the edges of the district, and in 1921 the Bryant Library on East Broadway gave the future district its major Colonial Revival building. By 1930 the East Broadway area was as developed as Main Street had been several decades before, and builders turned elsewhere, leaving the district to retain its own historic character.</p><br>
<p>As the Roslyn Landmark Society began to focus local attention on identifying and preserving the village&#39;s historic buildings in the 1960s, leading to the creation of the Main Street district, threatened older houses from elsewhere in the village and greater Roslyn area were moved to East Broadway to better protect them. An expanded historic inventory in 1979 led to a local Multiple Property Submission, which included the Roslyn Village district. The reviewers of the National Park Service initially balked at the idea of having two separate districts, suggesting instead that the state Office of Historic Preservation apply to expand the boundaries of the existing district. The state resubmitted the application, carefully explaining how Main Street constituted a visually and historically distinct collection of properties even within the proposed new district, and the Roslyn Village Historic District was added to the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Roslyn has added to its ordinances a provision protecting the buildings in both its historic districts. They are recognized in its zoning and any additions, demolition or alterations are subject to approval by the six-member Historic District Board. The Roslyn Landmark Society also holds a restrictive covenant on some of the properties.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Street Presbyterian Church is located at 631 West Fort Street in Detroit, Michigan. It was constructed in 1855, and completely rebuilt in 1877. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971. Its steeple stands 265 ft, making it one of the tallest churches in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The lot for the church was purchased from Mr. Shadrack and Mary (Stead) Gillett, whose home was located there prior to the construction of the church. The population of Detroit grew rapidly in the 1830s and 1840s, in particular bringing an influx of English Protestants to the city. In 1849, Reverend Robert Kellogg organized the Second Presbyterian Church, with 26 charter members. The congregation met for worship in the old Capitol building until it constructed a church on the corner of Lafayette and Wayne Street the next year.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and reconstruction</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, Albert Jordan and his brother Octavius arrived in Detroit from Hartford, Connecticut, and soon established a place among the leading architects of the city. In the mid-1850s, despite a membership of only 167 people, the Second Presbyterian congregation hired the Jordans to design a new, larger church. The location the congregation picked was on Fort Street just west of downtown; at that time, the area was a popular residential district and home to many prominent citizens who were also members of the congregation, such as Russell A. Alger, James F. Joy (Henry B. Joy&#39;s father), Theodore S. Buhl, Henry D. Shelden, and Zachariah Chandler. After the move, the congregation changed its name to the Fort Street Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>The original church was completed in 1855 at a cost of $70,000. The construction cost prevented the congregation from fully finishing the interior until 15 years later, when it installed the gallery and pews conforming to the original design.</p><br>
<p>However, the building was destroyed by fire in 1876, completely demolishing the interior, destroying the roof, and sending the spire crashing onto Fort Street. The church was rebuilt according to the original architectural plans the following year being completed on June 10, 1877. Another major fire in 1914 again destroyed the roof, but the church was again rebuilt, and it remains as it had been designed by the Jordan brothers in the mid-1850s. Upon completion, the current church with its steeple at 265 ft ranked as the tallest building in the city and state from 1877 to 1909, and is among the tallest churches in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Street Presbyterian Church is an ornately detailed Gothic Revival structure built of limestone ashlar from Malden, Ontario. The facade features a 265 ft tall square tower with spire on one side with a shorter octagonal turret (modeled after King&#39;s College Chapel in Cambridge) on the other. A central stained glass window illuminates the sanctuary. There are seven bays along the side of the church with flying buttresses, crocketed finials, lacy stonework and tall windows, designed to give the impression of lightness.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the sanctuary features a three-aisle nave and a horseshoe balcony capable of seating almost 1,000 people. The pews are of hand-carved black walnut and the baptismal font is constructed of Caen stone, supported by onyx columns imported from Mexico. The solid brass lectern, in the shape of an eagle, was exhibited at the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The church organ was built in 1914 by Wangerian-Weickhardt, and contains 3,253 pipes ranging in length from 1/4 inch to 16 feet. It incorporates a small portion of the original 1855 organ.</p><br>
<h3>Significance</h3><br>
<p>The Fort Street Presbyterian Church exemplifies an important step in the rise of "revivalist" architecture in 19th-century America. American architects of the mid-19th century imported and re-interpreted the English Gothic Revival style, based on the visually lush details of Medieval cathedrals. The American architects copied the "Gothic" elements and combined them with simple building plans to create an American architectural style known as "Victorian Gothic". The Jordan brothers subscribed to this ethic, and their Fort Street Presbyterian Church, as well as being one of Michigan&#39;s oldest churches, is a premier example of Victorian Gothic architecture. The church has remained essentially unchanged despite fires there in 1877 and 1914.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the church began focusing more on social service programs, as people of more modest incomes moved into the surrounding, formerly aristocratic, area. In 1908, James Joy donated property adjoining the church, and Mrs. Oren Scotten gave $50,000 to pay for the construction of the Church House. This enabled the church to minister to the newer congregants, and the church used the gymnasium in the Church House as a kind of "health club," enrolling men, women, and children in gym classes. The church also sponsored one of the first Boy Scout troops west of the Alleghenies.</p><br>
<p>Membership grew steadily up through the middle of the Great Depression; however, membership, revenue, and attendance fell off afterward. In the early 1940s, plans were afoot to close the expensive church and perhaps pool with other congregations to open a combined church elsewhere in the city. However, World War II intervened. During the war, the church converted the gymnasium of the Church House into a dormitory for servicemen who were arriving at Fort Street Union Depot located across Third Street. By the war&#39;s end, the church had provided transient accommodations for 60,000 men.</p><br>
<p>Maidstone-on-the-Potomac is a historic house and farm near Falling Waters, West Virginia. Located on the Potomac River immediately opposite Williamsport, Maryland, the property consists of a 218 acre tract with a main house dating from c. 1741. The house was built by Evan Watkins, who operated Watkins Ferry on the Potomac, which was used by George Washington and General Edward Braddock.</p><br>
<p>In 1795 the property was sold to Peter Light. The Light family retained the property until 1854, substantially expanding the house. The ferry and house, by now known as Light&#39;s Ferry passed to Robert Lemen, who converted the ferry into a cable ferry.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the ferry was used by Union forces under Captain Abner Doubleday to cross into Virginia for raids. In 1863 Doubleday again crossed the river by fording while pursuing Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia as it advanced on Gettysburg. A month later, following Lees defeat, 70,000 confederate soldiers crossed at Lemen&#39;s Ferry.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century the first bridge crossing was built at this location. Today, US 11 crosses here, bisecting the property.</p><br>
<p>The Watkins Family also became associated with the Boone Family during the time of their ownership of the Ferry. A great-great grandson, John Watkins (His father John T Watkins was born at Watkins Ferry), of the original Evan Watkins married Elizabeth Karn, a 1st and 2nd cousin of Daniel Boone&#39;s. Elizabeth was the daughter of Christopher Karn and Leah Boone.</p><br>
<p>John and Elizabeths son Christopher Columbus Watkins married Rachel Bristow who was the granddaughter of Leahs sister, Hannah Boone.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>Maidstone-on-the-Potomac was damaged in a fire of suspicious origin the night of March 7, 2009, one of several similar fires in Berkeley County, West Virginia and Washington County, Maryland in a short span of days.</p><br>
<p>The Coal House in Williamson, West Virginia is a unique building built of coal masonry. The bituminous coal was quarried as blocks and dressed as stone using 65 tons of coal from the nearby Winifrede Seam. At the time of its construction it was the only coal building in West Virginia. The house was designed by architect Hassel T. Hicks of Welch, West Virginia and supervised by David M. Goode. The coal masonry was varnished for weather-resistance. Located adjacent to the Mingo County Courthouse, it houses the Tug Valley Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s construction in 1933 was organized as a publicity stunt by O. W. Evans of the Norfolk and Western Railway, who wished to create a symbol of the "Billion Dollar Coalfield" centered on Williamson. While it is known as the "Coal House", it has never been a residence.</p><br>
<p>West Virginia&#39;s second coal house was built in 1959 in Lewisburg, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>On October 11, 2010, the Coal House caught fire. There was extensive damage to the inside of the building and minimal damage to the outside structure. Following $200,000 of restoration work the Coal House was reopened in September 2011.</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1901, is an historic Mission Revival-style Christian Science church located at 3606 Lemon Street in Riverside, California. It has been called: "the church that introduced Christian Science to Southern California." It was designed by noted Los Angeles architect Arthur Burnett Benton. On September 22, 1992, First Church of Christ, Scientist, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is still listed in the Christian Science Journal as an active Christian Science church.</p><br>
<p>Christian Science was discovered by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866. October 24, 1900, was the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone for First Church of Christ, Scientist, Riverside. Notice of completion of the construction of the building was filed February 10, 1901. The dedication and first regular Sunday service were held on February 24 of that year.</p><br>
<p>Christian Science had actually been publicly introduced in Riverside some nine years previous, and the Christian Science Journal for October 1891 has listed: “Regular Sunday Services of Scientists.” They met in the home of Emma Stanton Davis, a student of Mrs. Eddy, who had moved to Riverside in 1887 and began healing work. Records in the Archives of the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts, show that Riverside was the first location in California where a class-taught student lived.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of this church is primarily Mission Revival due to the influence of the renowned architect, Arthur Benton. Just one block from the church is Benton&#39;s Mission Inn, which is internationally known. He also designed the Riverside Municipal Auditorium which borders on the south end of the church property. The interior of the church was designed in the craftsman tradition with natural or lightly stained wood, with vertical and horizontal beams exposed. In the 1950s, all wood and ceiling rafters were covered and painted white with a blue decoration. This reflects a more classical tradition which may have been preferred by the congregation.</p><br>
<p>El Cabrillo is a two-story, ten-unit Spanish-style courtyard condominium building located at the southeast corner of Franklin Avenue and Grace Avenue in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The Spanish Colonial Revival style building was designed by architects Arthur and Nina Zwebell and built in 1928 by movie mogul Cecil B. DeMille.</p><br>
<p>El Cabrillo is the only building designed by the Zwebells using brick, a superior construction material as compared to their other courtyard buildings constructed using stucco and wood. It became one of the most fashionable addresses in Hollywood in the late 1920s and 1930s and has continued its stylish reputation, according to the Los Angeles Times. A sought-after film and television location, it has most recently appeared in HBOs remake of "Perry Mason", Ryan Murphys "Hollywood", Fox&#39;s summer hit show "911" and as the home of the main character in the television series Chuck. It has been designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Ties to Hollywood film business</h2><br>
<p>El Cabrillo has a long association with the movie business. In 2007, The Hollywood Reporter described El Cabrillo as a building "steeped in old Hollywood lore," and in 2004, The New York Times called El Cabrillo "a two-story complex that has more fabled than factual stories attached to it, the mark of a true Hollywood star."</p><br>
<p>The building was built by Cecil B. DeMille in 1928. David Wallace, the author of Lost Hollywood (St. Martins Press, 2001), believes DeMille built El Cabrillo to house New York stage actors whom he brought to Los Angeles when talking pictures arrived. According to The New York Times, DeMille used set craftsmen to construct "the phantasmagorial sense of architectural detail at El Cabrillo, which includes a central outdoor Moorish fountain, timbered ceilings, Catalina tile work, swashbuckling wrought-iron hardware and scaled-down versions of Citizen Kane-like carved concrete fireplaces in each apartment." David Wallace, who once managed the property, said: "Its like walking into a movie."</p><br>
<p>Actress Ann Harding leased one of the front apartments in 1928 for $500 per month—a very high rental rate at the time. Other notable residents have included director Lowell Sherman, Perc Westmore, and writer John Willard. Also, the buildings Spanish revival courtyard is alleged to have been used as a set in a Rudolph Valentino movie. Located close to DeMilles motion picture studio, El Cabrillo is at the foot of Whitley Heights, where Charles Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino lived in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>More recently, the drag performer Divine lived in the complex in the 1960s, as did Kent Warner, a costumer and noted collector of clothing and props from Hollywood films. After Warner died in 1984, the buildings owner cleaned out the basement and inadvertently threw out some of Warners possessions, including James Deans boots from Rebel Without a Cause and Marlon Brandos leather jacket from The Wild One.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>El Cabrillo was designed by the husband and wife architect team of Arthur and Nina Zwebell. The Zwebells specialized in Spanish or Hollywood mission courtyard architecture. The building was featured in the 1992 book, "Courtyard Housing in Los Angeles", published by Princeton Architectural Press.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>In 1932, the building became part of a scandal when it was revealed that Superior Court Judge Guerin&#39;s daughter and son-in-law were residing at El Cabrillo rent-free, allegedly as part of an arrangement with the receiver for American Mortgage Company; investigations were made by a grand jury and the bar association, but Judge Guerin denied any knowledge of the arrangement.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 1940 by Andrew O. Porter to Lillian Blumkin for $50,000. By 1968, the building had been renamed the Patio Gardens.</p><br>
<p>As Hollywood deteriorated in the 1970s and 1980s, the neighborhood around El Cabrillo became dangerous. In his book Lost Hollywood, David Wallace noted: "By the late 1980s, the problem had become so bad that those few residents who remained in once-celebrated buildings like El Cabrillo...would often have to lie on the floor to avoid being hit by bullets flying through their windows."</p><br>
<p>More recently, as the Hollywood area improved, El Cabrillo was renovated and converted into condominiums under its original name. When the conversion was completed in 2006, units were listed at prices in the $800,000 range.</p><br>
<h2>Use in the television series Chuck</h2><br>
<p>In 2007, the building was used as the shooting location for the home of the main character in the pilot of the NBC television series Chuck. The producers wanted to use "a courtyard apartment location that was reminiscent of old Hollywood/Echo Park," and selected El Cabrillo because it "offered many interesting textures – concrete blocks, wood spindle balconies, private balconies, an impressive interior courtyard turret and a courtyard fountain, and provided an amazing background for our characters to interact."</p><br>
<p>After the series was picked up, the producers concluded it was not feasible to continue shooting on location at El Cabrillo, so the main characters apartment and El Cabrillos courtyard were recreated, with some design modifications, on a Warner Bros. soundstage.</p><br>
<h2>Use in the television series Stalker</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, Producer Kevin Williamson selected El Cabrillo for the CBS television series "Stalker". Stars Dylan McDermott and Maggie Q were filmed walking through the courtyard. Dylan McDermott, playing detective Jack Larsen, comments in episode 1 of the first season, "Beautiful place. I wonder what it costs to live here."</p><br>
<p>Coincidentally, McDermott had previous history with the place, having starred in the 1997 film, "&#39;Til There was You," which used El Cabrillo as the central location, and plot point.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The building was designated as a Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #773) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 2003. Two years later, in 2005, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Old Sugar Mill of Kōloa was part of the first commercially successful sugarcane plantation in Hawaii, which was founded in Kōloa on the island of Kauai in 1835 by Ladd & Company. This was the beginning of what would become Hawaii&#39;s largest industry. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 29, 1962. A stone chimney and foundations remain from 1840.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although sugarcane had been raised by ancient Hawaiians on small personal plots, this was the first large-scale commercial production in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Goodrich of the Hilo mission and Samuel Ruggles of the Kona Mission had experimented with using agriculture to support their missions as well as give employment to their students.</p><br>
<p>After trying unsuccessfully to get Rev. Goodrich, Hooper moved to the land as manager, despite having no training in engineering nor agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was established here due to the overall fertility of the soil, proximity to a good port, and location near the Maulili pool which allowed them the use of a waterfall for processing power. This first lease was not easily acquired and connections to missionaries played a large part in its acquisition. Previously molasses would end up being distilled into rum, which the conservative missionaries were constantly battling.</p><br>
<p>The founders of Ladd & Co. were William Ladd (1807–1863), Peter A. Brinsmade (1804–1859), and William Northey Hooper (1809–1878). Hawaiians resisted the lease of the land and initially forbade the sale of provisions to plantation managers. The two groups eventually struck an uneasy partnership that resulted in multiple conflicts as time progressed.</p><br>
<p>Although 980 acre were leased from King Kamehameha III, only 12 acre were planted in September 1835. A small mill powered by water from Maulili pool produced a small amount of molasses in 1836. The wooden rollers in the mill quickly wore out, so were replaced with iron ones for increased production. By 1837, the mill produced over 4,000 lb of sugar and 700 gal of molasses.</p><br>
<p>A subsequent mill, whose chimney and foundation are still visible, was built from 1839 to 1841 on Waihohonu Stream. It cost close to US$16,000 to build.</p><br>
<h2>Labor disputes</h2><br>
<p>Managers of the sugarcane plantation expressed significant frustration with the Hawaiian laborers suggesting they have shown "complete worthlessness... as laborers". The Hawaiian people are described as being so strongly rooted in their cultural heritage that "centuries, at least, will intervene ere they will understand that it is a part of their duty to serve their masters faithfully". The plantation manager goes on to state that the work of 10 white men was equivalent to that of 400 Hawaiians.</p><br>
<p>Plantation owners paid workers $2 per month using "Kauai Currency" which could only be redeemed at plantation stores for goods (marked up no more than 2% over market). They were provided furnished houses but had to pay 1 cent per day for them. In an 1841 revolt against these conditions, Hawaiian workers commenced an unsuccessful strike for higher wages. A review of Kōloa history and working conditions reveals the motivations of plantation owners to import labor resulting in a massive wave of globalization for the islands.</p><br>
<p>Kōloa plantation used a contract system that gave laborers an interest in the crop, but prevented them from finding other employment without penalties. These methods were later adopted by other planters in the Territory of Hawaii that became known as the "Big Five".</p><br>
<h2>Demise</h2><br>
<p>Ladd & Co. shut down in 1844 after a failed attempt to colonize the rest of the Hawaiian Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Kōloa plantation was repossessed by the Hawaiian government and sold to Dr. Robert Wood, Hooper&#39;s brother-in-law, who ran it until 1874. In 1853 a steam engine was used to power a mill for the first time in Hawaii. Samuel Burbank developed a deep plow to increase production.</p><br>
<p>Koloa Agricultural Company was purchased by the Duncan McBryde family in 1899, who added it to their estate and the Eleele Plantation. Their agent was Theo H. Davies & Co. In 1910 Alexander & Baldwin became the agent, and would eventually buy out the other partners. The old mill was replaced by a much larger one to the east in 1912, which was acquired from the planned American Sugar Company plantation on Molokai. Frank A. Alexander managed the company from 1912 to 1937. Cedric B. Baldwin managed the company from 1938 until World War II, when he was killed on Iwo Jima. McBryde merged with the Grove Farm Company in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was shut down in 1996. In 2000 Grove Farm was sold to Steve Case, whose grandfather A. Hebard Case had worked on the plantation. He paid US$25 million and assumed $60 million of debt, but was sued by other shareholders since his father had served as lawyer for the company. The lawsuit went to court but was dismissed in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Palm Circle or the Pineapple Pentagon,</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Palm Circle is one of the centerpieces of Fort Shafter, located north of downtown Honolulu on the east side of Interstate H-201. It is a roughly oval grassy sward, ringed by royal palms and Palm Circle Drive. Across Palm Circle Drive are buildings serving a variety of military purposes. To the north and west lie a number of officer housing units, while former barracks buildings (adapted to administrative uses) lie to the south. On the east side of the circle lie three office buildings, colloquially known as the Pineapple Pentagon, that were at the heart of the United States Army operations in the Pacific War. Richardson Hall (T-100) is the only one visible from the circle due to the steep terrain.</p><br>
<p>Fort Shafter was established in 1905, not long after the American annexation of Hawaii. Most of the officer quarters and barracks were built in the years immediately following. Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Army needed to greatly expand its presence, and Richardson Hall and the other administrative buildings were built in 1943-44 to meet this demand. The buildings have multistory underground bunkers, and there are fortified service tunnels connecting them. General Robert C. Richardson Jr. ran the Army&#39;s Pacific operations from these facilities from 1943 until the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Hotel, also known as Lake Yellowstone Hotel is one of a series of hotels built to accommodate visitors to Yellowstone National Park in the late 19th and early 20th century. Built in 1891, it is the oldest operating hotel in the park. It was re-designed and substantially expanded by Robert Reamer, architect of the Old Faithful Inn in 1903. In contrast to the Old Faithful Inn and many other western park facilities, the Lake Hotel is a relatively plain clapboarded Colonial Revival structure with three large Ionic porticoes facing Yellowstone Lake. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and construction</h2><br>
<p>The initial construction of the Lake Hotel was tumultuous, in 1886 a lease was given to the Yellowstone Park Association (YPA) for the construction of 4 different hotels on 4 different sites, one of those being the Lake Hotel. The lease was granted by Yellowstone National Park, and the YPA, headed by Charles Gibson, was made up of members chosen by the Northern Pacific Railroad (NP). The NP had significant interest in the commercial development of Yellowstone National Park at this time as they had recently constructed their railway to run adjacent to the park. The NP had loaned the YPA money, hoping for hotel development in the Park. The YPA initially made little progress on the Lake Hotel site, 2 years into the lease, construction had yet to begin. Construction on the site proved to be difficult because of the remoteness, lack of labor, and materiel. Slow construction angered the National Park and the lease was adjusted to reduce the acreage of the site to only 1 acre. Forest fires and difficulty with materiel being delivered to the site further slowed construction.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Hotel would officially open to visitors in 1891, 5 years after the lease was granted. The hotel was initially very plain, with 3 stories, clapboard siding, and projecting bays at each end. It also included aspects of Queen Anne architecture, characterized by the use of striped wood as ornament throughout the interior. In 1893, rates were 4 dollars a day for the first 6 days. In 1895 the hotel began serving drinks to its patrons, as one of the rooms was converted to a bar area. In 1900 the hotel received a yellow paint job, a similar color to the one currently coating the Lake Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the Hotel only earned $4,200 more than it spent, and this profit was promptly spent on repairs. As the Hotel struggled, the Railroad that owned the hotel did as well. In 1899 in an attempt to liquidate themselves, The Northern Pacific Railroad put the YPA, and thus the Lake Hotel up for sale. Harry Child, a banker would end up as owner of the YPA, with significant financial assistance from the NPs holding company, The Northwest Improvement Company(NIC). It would be Harry Child, who would oversea the operations of the hotel going froward. Child is also credited for bringing on Robert Reamer, to make key renovations to the Lake Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>Robert Reamer began work on the Lake Hotel in 1903, he had already gained notoriety in Yellowstone as an architect when he designed the original Old Faithfull Inn, and the second Canyon Hotel, both within Yellowstone National Park. Reamer had large plans for the Lake Hotel, he would extent the hotel farther east, and transform the style into Neo-Classical. At 3 different points on the front of the hotel, Reamer would create a wooden extension on the porch and roofline, connecting these extensions were 4 Neo-Classical columns. These Columns coupled with the extensions on the deck and roof would create the iconic porticoes that the Lake Hotel is known for now. Decorative moldings were also added to the exterior to reinforce the Neo-classical style.</p><br>
<p>The Last major changes by Reamer happened in 1928, when an extension to the east wing was made, this portion would have a flat roof. Reamer also expanded the lobby by enclosing a portion of the porch. Reamer then repainted columns and added glass light fixtures. These changes would add a Colonial aspect to the style of the architecture. Reamer and Child are credited for giving the Lake Hotel the iconic look that visitors recognize it for now. The renovations aligned perfectly with the introduction of automobiles into the park, visitation to The National Park would grow considerably and with it, patrons of the Lake Hotel. The Lake Hotel would boom in popularity following these renovations. Further renovations that century took place from 1984 to 1990.</p><br>
<p>In the years following 2012 more extensive renovations began. Renovations attempted to restore the colonial revival architecture, the style of architecture the hotel was originally designed in. Carpeting was replaced with hardwood floors, antique style furniture replaced more modern furniture, and aspects of lighting were changed to fit the style of the period. Construction during this time also ensured the building against seismic activity as the Yellowstone area is a hotspot for earthquakes, experiencing 1,500 to 2,5000 per year. Throughout 2013 and 2014, the emphasis of the renovation was placed on the east wing, where all the rooms were renovated, and office spaces were relocated and turned into rooms. The 2014 renovation included internet, something new and not common to national parks. Computers and printers were also implemented for the first time.</p><br>
<h2>Historical recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Hotel is adjoined by the Lake Fish Hatchery Historic District and the Grand Loop Road Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Lake Yellowstone Hotel & Cabins is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>St. James Church is a historic Roman Catholic church located at 1826 Edenside Avenue in the Highlands section of Louisville, Kentucky. March 1, 1982, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. James Roman Catholic Church, Rectory, and School.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish of St. James was established in 1906 as the subdivisions in the surrounding area were rapidly being built up (three churches within a few blocks of St. James also trace their foundation to 1906). An initial wood-frame church was built in 1906 on the site of the present building, as was a wood-frame school building which was replaced with the modern brick school building in 1924. The parish house was completed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on the modern church building in 1912 and was completed in 1913. It was designed by J.J. Gaffney, a local architect who designed buildings such as the Belvoir Apartments in Cherokee Triangle, the baroque house on Highland Avenue, Adath Jeshuran Temple and Holy Name Church.</p><br>
<p>The former St. Alban&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic stone Late Gothic Revival-style Episcopal church located on the southwest corner of Hammond and Eastern avenues in Lidgerwood, North Dakota. On December 3, 1992, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. As of that date, the building housed Harmony Lodge No. 53 of the Ancient, Free & Accepted Masons. Harmony Lodge, founded in 1899, surrendered its charter in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Banneker-Douglass-Tubman Museum, formerly known as the Banneker-Douglass Museum, is the state of Maryland&#39;s official museum for African American history and culture. Located at 84 Franklin Street, Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, the museum is housed within the former Mt. Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The museum is named for notable Maryland figures Benjamin Banneker, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman. The facility serves as the state&#39;s official repository of African American material culture. The 11,700 square foot facility is home to 12,000 historical objects, the Sylvia Gaither Garrison Library and archives, permanent and temporary history and art exhibits, and performance space. Lectures, workshops, performances, and educational programs are offered in-person and virtually throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The structure of Mt. Moriah African Methodist Episcopal Church was constructed in 1875 and remodeled in 1896. It is a -story, gable-front brick church executed in the Gothic Revival style. It served as the meeting hall for the First African Methodist Episcopal Church, originally formed in the 1790s, for nearly 100 years. It was leased to the Maryland Commission on African-American History and Culture (MCAAHC), becoming the state&#39;s official museum for African American history and culture in 1984. In 1984, a -story addition was added to the rear of the building when it opened as the Banneker-Douglass Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is within the boundaries of the Colonial Annapolis Historic District. Chanel C. Johnson is the current executive director of the museum and MCAAHC.</p><br>
<h2>Collection and exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The life and contributions of famous African American Maryland residents are highlighted in the permanent exhibition Deep Roots, Rising Waters: A Celebration of African Americans in Maryland, including Kunta Kinte, Benjamin Banneker, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Matthew Henson, Carr&#39;s Beach, Gloria Richardson, and Thurgood Marshall. Other exhibits include black life in Maryland, and African, and African American art.</p><br>
<p>Featured exhibitions and living history performances at the museum included “Highland Beach: The First One Hundred Years”, “In His Own Words: The Life and Work of Frederick Douglass”, “The Life of Harriet Ross Tubman”, and "The Radical Voice of Blackness Speaks of Resistance and Joy".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<p>The MCAAHC presented study results to the Governor suggesting the need for a permanent museum on Maryland’s African American heritage. In 1972, MCAAHC and community leaders saved Mt. Moriah AME Church from demolition. The Banneker-Douglass Museum Foundation, Inc. was established in 1976 and the Friends of Banneker-Douglass Museum was established in 1978.</p><br>
<h3>1980s</h3><br>
<p>Mt. Moriah AME Church is dedicated as the Banneker-Douglass Museum of Afro-American Life and History on February 24, 1984 as Maryland&#39;s official state museum on African American history and culture.</p><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, a $5.2 million capital building and permanent exhibit expansion was completed at the museum adding a modern wing, which was the result of a partnership between the African American community and state and local governments. The large-scale modern building expansion allowed the museum to better service a greater percentage of the heritage tourism market already visiting historic Annapolis and by expanding the African American tourism segment of that market. The expanded facility included a new permanent exhibit, revolving exhibit space, and a library for public use. The library opened within the museum to collect and make available resources that document and elucidate Maryland&#39;s African American heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Banneker Douglass Museum celebrated its 25th anniversary in February of 2009. Governor Martin O’Malley rededicated the former Mt. Moriah African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) house of worship. The Banneker-Douglass Museum celebrated the first anniversary of its library and archives in honor of Sylvia Gaither Garrison on October 27, 2009. In addition to her roles as Bates High School teacher, Fulbright Scholar, librarian, church leader, sorority sister, and community activist, Garrison was the central force behind the establishment of the Museum’s library.</p><br>
<h3>2020s</h3><br>
<p>On Tuesday, April 9, 2024, Governor Wes Moore signed bills HB390/ SB341 into law, actualizing the historic change from the Banneker-Douglass Museum to the Banneker-Douglass-Tubman Museum. The name change honors the legacy of Harriet Tubman, the iconic abolitionist, suffragist, and humanitarian, alongside Benjamin Banneker and Frederick Douglass.</p><br>
<p>In November 2024, the museum was renamed to the Banneker-Douglass-Tubman Museum in a ceremony with poet, author, and activist Nikki Giovanni as the keynote, and attendance of Governor Wes Moore, First Lady Dawn Moore, Ernestine Wyatt (3x Great-Grandniece of Harriet Tubman), and many other notables figures.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Hill Historic District is an irregularly-shaped 185 acre historic district in New Haven, Connecticut. The district encompasses most of the residential portion of the Prospect Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The district includes two USA National Historic Landmark properties which are separately listed on the National Register: the Othniel C. Marsh House and the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 1979, it included 238 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area.</p><br>
<p>The district is significant primarily for its architecture. It includes major collections of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States, Shingle Style architecture, Colonial Revival architecture, and Tudor Revival architecture. Numerous other styles are also represented.</p><br>
<p>Architects and firms represented include Bostons Peabody and Stearns and R. Clipston Sturgis; New Yorks Grosvenor Atterbury, Donn Barber, J.C. Cady & Co., George S. Chappell, Delano & Aldrich, Ewing & Chappell, James Gamble Rogers, Rossiter & Muller, and Heathcote Woolsey; Philadelphias Mantle Fielding; Connecticuts Henry Austin and numerous others.</p><br>
<p>Selected contributing properties in the district are:</p><br>
<p>John M. Davies house, 393 Prospect Street, an 1868 Second French Empire Revival house designed by Henry Austin, the districts primary example of the Victorian estates from the earliest period of the districts settlement, now known as Betts House</p><br>
<p>Othniel C. Marsh House, 360 Prospect Street, 1878, mixed Richardsonian Romanesque & Queen Anne, designed by J.C. Cady & Co.</p><br>
<p>Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1875–c.1950, a six-building property and National Historic Landmark</p><br>
<p>Anna L. Graves House, 35 Autumn Street, c.1890, a Queen Anne house</p><br>
<p>259-61, 262, 266, 269, 270-272, and 278 Canner Street, c. 1900-1910, six Colonial Revival houses</p><br>
<p>237 East Rock Road, c. 1910, Colonial Revival with Federal details, former home of Yale University president A. Whitney Griswold</p><br>
<p>Silk House, Colonial Revival, c. 1915, at 75 Autumn Street, designed by architects Brown & von Beren</p><br>
<p>152, 166 and 180 East Rock Road, three Shingle style houses</p><br>
<p>Celentano Public School, 370 Canner Street, Victoria, originally built as Yale&#39;s first observatory</p><br>
<p>80 Cliff Street, a Queen Anne house, c. 1890</p><br>
<p>Ellsworth Foote House at 145 East Rock Road, and 152, 166, 180 East Rock Road, four Shingle Style houses</p><br>
<p>149 and 156 East Rock Road, two Queen Anne houses</p><br>
<p>Non-contributing properties include:</p><br>
<p>four Yale Divinity School dormitories at 352 Canner Street, from 1957, whose "economically designed modern blocks contrast with the neighborhood character"</p><br>
<p>In 2002, application was made for a building that was located at 285 Prospect Street to be moved to 380 Edwards Street, while retaining its contributing building status. It is a building designed by R. Clipston Sturgis. It was approved.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship to neighborhoods</h2><br>
<p>The historic district includes most of New Haven&#39;s Prospect Hill neighborhood. The district borders are drawn irregularly to exclude modern construction, and also to exclude properties fronting Whitney Avenue, which are included in the Whitney Avenue Historic District. It excludes the entire area of the Hillhouse Avenue Historic District, an area that was originally residential, and now is mostly Yale University-owned, and which included within the official neighborhood planning maps for Prospect Hill. The historic district also excludes the Edgerton historic district, the New Haven portion of which has been included in the official neighborhood planning maps for Prospect Hill.</p><br>
<p>Among other exclusions, the district excludes Yale University&#39;s relatively modern buildings on Science Hill. It excludes several Yale graduate student housing facilities (the Whitehall Apartment Complex, the Mansfield Apartments, and the Esplanade Apartments), while at 352 Canner Street, the district includes four dormitory buildings of the Yale Divinity School.</p><br>
<p>The district extends to the south to include historic houses that are now Yale offices along the west side of Prospect Street south of Hillside Place.</p><br>
<p>The former Old Stone Church, also known as Calvary Episcopal Chapel, is an historic stone</p><br>
<p>Late Gothic Revival-style Episcopal church building located at 206 North Wilcox Avenue in Buffalo, North Dakota. Built in 1885, it was designed by British architect George Hancock and built by Angus Beaton. Calvary Episcopal Chapel held its first services on October 15, 1886. In 1934, after years of many closings and reopenings, Calvary closed for the final time. In 1936, the building was bought by Buffalo Lodge No. 77 of the Ancient, Free & Accepted Masons. In the 1970s Buffalo No. 77 closed and in 1982 was merged with Casselton Lodge No. 3. In 1985, the Masons donated it to the Buffalo Historical Society, which 10 years later restored it. It is now called the Old Stone Church Heritage Center. On October 22, 1995, the Buffalo Historical Society received national recognition for its efforts from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. On March 29, 1996, the Old Stone Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Weston County Courthouse in Newcastle, Wyoming, was designed by Charles A. Randall and built in 1910&ndash;11. The Beaux-Arts style courthouse is the most elaborate building in Newcastle, and a symbol of the community&#39;s prosperity at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse features a two-story central pavilion supported by paired Ionic columns supporting an entablature and pediment. The parapet is ornamented by galvanized metal globes with astatue of Justice on the top of the pediment. An octagonal cupola with arched windows crowns the building. A renovation has replaced the original doors with aluminum-framed units, infilled many windows with glass block and closed the cupola windows with wood panels.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the courthouse was attended by difficulties with contracting. The first contractor was fired and replaced by John L. Sundstrom, Oscar Linden, Carl Sjostrum and Robert Linden with experience in stonemasonry. Work was complete in 1911, in time for a visit in October and an address from the courthouse steps by USA President William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<p>A three-story wing dedicated as a war memorial was added on the west side of the building in 1953. The addition uses sandstone for the first two stories and brick for the upper floor to match the main building.</p><br>
<p>The Weston County Courthouse resembles another Randall-designed courthouse, the Butte County, South Dakota Courthouse. The Weston County Courthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Gibbs Farm is a museum in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, United States. The site was once the farmstead of Heman and Jane Gibbs, first built in 1854; the existing farmhouse includes the small, original cabin. The museum seeks to educate visitors on the lives of 19th-century Minnesota pioneers and the Dakota people who lived in southern Minnesota before the arrival of Europeans.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing consists of the farmhouse and barn, as the other museum structures are not original to the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>An open-air museum, the Gibbs Farm features an original farmhouse, barn, and school house, as well as a replica sod house, bark lodge, and tipi with replica Dakotah furniture, clothing and tools.</p><br>
<p>The objects in the farmhouse date from the mid-19th century on and are part of the Ramsey County Historical Society collection; those belonging to the Gibbs family are featured in the house tour. Objects of particular interest include a family hair wreath, original wallpaper, a concealed murphy bed and various other original artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The museum grounds offer visitors a natural Minnesota prairie as it would have looked like in the 19th century as well as a Dakotah medicine teaching garden (the turtle garden), Dakotah vegetable garden, pioneer vegetable garden, a heritage apple orchard and farm animals.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The museum focuses on the story of Jane Gibbs (née DeBow), who was taken at age six or seven from the neighbors home where she was living due to her mothers severe illness near Batavia, NY in 1833 by the Stevens, a missionary family as a replacement for the daughter, their oldest, whom they had lost to illness. The Stevens family also included two younger boys. They eventually brought Jane west with them where they were assigned by the American Board of Missionaries to bring Christianity to the Dakotah people living near Lake Calhoun, Bde Maka Ska in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota and Lake Harriet. They arrived at Fort Snelling in May 1835 when Jane was around nine years old. Once the mission was built on the shores of Lake Harriet about a mile from the village of Cloud Man, Jane attended the missionary school with the part Dakotah children of the soldiers stationed at Fort Snelling and traders and learned to speak their language. She developed a close relationship with the Dakotah and was given the name "Zitkadan Usawin" (Little Crow that was Caught) by the women of the village, who were moved by the story of her departure from her mother.</p><br>
<p>She moved with the Stevens, who considered her their adopted daughter, to Southern Minnesota and eventually to Illinois where Jane parted company with them after Mrs. Stevens death. She eventually met and married Heman Gibbs in Galena, Illinois in 1848. They returned to what was now known as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and bought the land that would become the future museum, the same year.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after buying the land, Jane and Heman discovered an Indian trail running through it. One day in the fall, they found some of the same Dakotah who Jane had grown up with used the trail on their annual migration north to their wild ricing, hunting and fishing grounds in present-day Forest Lake, Minnesota. The Gibbs property laid at the intersection of two of these ricing trails.</p><br>
<p>Each year during the fall, the Dakotah band would set up camp at the Gibbs farm for up to three weeks to visit with Jane and her family before continuing their journey.</p><br>
<h2>Sod house</h2><br>
<p>After buying the land in 1849, Jane and Heman Gibbs built a small, one-room, dugout sod house (colloquially known as the "Soddy" where they lived for 5 years while farming the land. The house was 10x12 and built with logs and featured a sod roof. This design kept the house well insulated in the winter and cool in the summer.</p><br>
<p>The original location of the soddy was to the right of the front porch of the farm house and was excavated in 1995. A replica built from the architectural investigation now stands in the prairie, and the site of the original soddy is preserved in an enclosed space.</p><br>
<h2>Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>In 1854 Jane and Heman built a one-room farmhouse just a few yards away from their sod house. It stayed a one-room house for 13 years, providing shelter for the five Gibbs children: Ida (adopted), Abbie, William, Frank and Lillie.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 the house was enlarged to meet the space needs of the family. The one-room house became an eight-room farmhouse as big and modern as any in the area. The enlarged house featured a parlor, six bedrooms, the hired men&#39;s room (called the "Pen"), and a summer kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>School house</h2><br>
<p>Heman Gibbs was an educated man and believed in education for his own children and those in the area. In 1871 he sold the land across the street for a schoolhouse and while it was being built he allowed class to be held in the farmhouse. The Gibbs family also boarded the teacher in their house.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse on the museum grounds today is not the original Heman was instrumental in getting built. The original one-room schoolhouse was on the property in the 1950s when it was used in the "Baby Boom" years by the budding Roseville School System (Minnesota ISD #623) as an overflow classroom until the "new Brimhall school" was built later in the decade. One class of 3rd grade students from the relatively new Falcon Heights School was rotated to the Gibbs school while the rest of the 3rd grade was rotated to the three classrooms in the "Old Brimhall" school on County Road B. Other makeshift classrooms were employed by the school district for fifth-grade students at Fairview Junior High, in the gym at Lauderdale School, and a disused old classroom in the former school building attached to the new Lexington School. All these creative accommodations ended with District 623&#39;s massive expansion program and the finishing of Fairview Jr. High, the "new" Brimhall school and Alexander Ramsey High School. Previously, the high school students of the area had attended St. Paul Central High School.</p><br>
<p>The historic school building was on the southwest corner of the intersection, across Larpenteur Avenue from the Gibbs House. In its final career it was used for many years in winter as sales office for the University of Minnesota forestry students&#39; Christmas tree sales project.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse now on the museum site was built near Milan, Minnesota, around the same as the original schoolhouse, and represents the typical pioneer one-room schoolhouse. It was bought in 1966 for $100 by the Ramsey County Historical Society and had to make the 140 mi journey to the Gibbs Museum of Pioneer and Dakotah life between the hours of 9am&ndash;3pm while avoiding all major highways or roads, and being parked on the side of the road anytime before or after those hours.</p><br>
<p>The former St. Stephens Episcopal Church also known as St. Stephens Church, is an historic stone Gothic Revival-style Episcopal church building located on the southeast corner of 3rd Avenue and 5th Street in Casselton, North Dakota, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1886, it was designed by British-born Fargo architect George Hancock and built by stonemason Nathaniel Maconachie. It was consecrated in August, 1887, and shared ministers with the Old Stone Church (Calvary Episcopal) in Buffalo for many years.</p><br>
<p>After the congregation dwindled, the building was sold in 1950 to the Casselton Mennonite Church, which worshiped in it until 2002, when the building was closed again. In 2004, the Mennonite congregation donated the church to the Casselton Heritage Center, Inc., which now operates it as a community center.</p><br>
<p>On December 3, 1992, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Johnson County Courthouse in Buffalo, Wyoming was built in 1884. The Italianate style building adjoins the former Johnson County Library, which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>On April 19, 1881, Wyoming Territorial governor John Wesley Hoyt appointed two Johnson County residents as the first county commissioners of Johnson County. They organized the first county election on April 27, 1881. On June 27, 1881, the newly elected commissioners met, and purchased the Lone Star Dance Hall and stables to be used as offices for the county.</p><br>
<p>By November 1883, it was apparent that the former dance hall was not a secure place for the county&#39;s records, and that the condition of the building was such that repairs would not be practical. The commissioners felt that Johnson County needed a new facility for its records, courtrooms, and prisoners. The commissioners requested bids on April 30, 1884, and reviewed the bids on June 8, 1884. The low bid of $81,650 from Edward and James Curran was accepted, and they were awarded the contract.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Johnson County Courthouse is a good example of the Italianate style of architecture. The stilted arch window openings with pronounced keystones and the consoles on cornices are characteristics of this style. Bricks for the courthouse were made from clay soil mined from a location just south of the Buffalo City Park. Kilns at the foot of the Big Horn Mountains provided the lime for the mortar.</p><br>
<p>The structure has changed little since it was built in 1884, except for the removal of the bell tower. The courthouse is two stories high, built of red brick, and is situated above street level. A border of white was painted under the eaves, and an emblem of the rising sun occupies the space high above main doorway facing east. The door way is recessed.</p><br>
<p>In the early days, heat was provided by wood and coal stoves. A steam heating system was installed, and at that time the bricks of the foundation were cemented over, and a chimney on the north side was removed. At one time, a hallway led to a door on the south side. However, a vault was needed for storage so the door was closed off and the vault constructed where the hallway had been. The courtroom was remodelled after World War II. More recent remodelling in 1973-1974 included an enclosed counter on the main floor hallway. The jail has been moved to a separate structure. The long twin stairways, one on each end of the main hall, have not been modified. These curving wood stairways with their ornamental stringers are in excellent condition. There is also wood panelling in the main hallway which is distinctive.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan–Wacker Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places District that includes parts of the Chicago Loop and Near North Side community areas in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The district is known for the Chicago River, two bridges that cross it, and eleven high rise and skyscraper buildings erected in the 1920s. Among the contributing properties are the following Chicago Landmark structures:</p><br>
<p>Other notable sites include Pioneer Court the Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite (401 North Michigan), which as the site of Chicago&#39;s first permanent residence is a National Historic Landmark, and the Wrigley Building (410 North Michigan). Across the Michigan Avenue Bridge is the former site of Fort Dearborn, the US Army post established in 1803. To the west is the Heald Square Monument, a statue of George Washington and the financiers of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The district includes contributing properties with addresses on North Michigan Avenue, East Wacker Drive, North Wabash Avenue and East South Water Street. Other streets in the district are Rush Street, Hubbard, Illinois and Kinzie. The majority of these properties are on Michigan, with addresses ranging from 230 North Michigan to 505 North Michigan. The district also includes parts of Michigan, Wacker and East South Water, which are all among the many multilevel streets in Chicago. Most of its contributing high-rise buildings and skyscrapers are of either Gothic or Baroque architecture, in addition to Art Deco. The district is north of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as on the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum is an American West museum in Buffalo, Wyoming, housed in a 1909 Carnegie Library building.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>The Carnegie Public Library in Buffalo, Wyoming was built in 1909 adjacent to the Johnson County Courthouse in the Neoclassical style. Andrew Carnegie provided $12,500 to build a library in Buffalo, contingent upon the provision of a site and $1250 a year for maintenance. A portion of the county courthouse grounds was donated as the site. The building consists of a raised main floor and a large basement level. The rough-faced ashlar masonry features contrasting quoins and belt courses. The facade is arranged as a porch with two slender Norman-style columns in antis. A semicircular apse projects from the north side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1980s the Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum acquired and moved into the library. The original museum was founded 1957 and focuses on Johnson County and frontier history. The museums dioramas feature historic events and life along the Bozeman Trail, including the Wagon Box Fight, the Johnson County War between ranchers in the 1890s, the siege at the TA Ranch and a view of Buffalos Main Street in 1894. Artifacts include frontier and military weapons, wagons, Native American artifacts, ranching gear, and household and historic items. The grounds include a two-room furnished log cabin.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit–Columbia Central Office Building is a building located at 52 Selden Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as the Michigan Bell Telephone Exchange. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit–Columbia Central Office Building was commissioned by the Michigan Bell Telephone Company in 1927 at a cost of $1.2 million. The building was designed by Smith, Hinchman, & Grylls, and construction was completed in November 1928. The "dial system" office building, built to relieve the function of earlier "manual" exchanges, originally served around 7000 telephone customers in the central Woodward Avenue district of the city. The building is still owned by AT&T, a successor company of Michigan Bell.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit–Columbia Central Office Building is a rectangular three-story Art Deco building constructed of steel and reinforced concrete and faced with brick and limestone. The building measures 105 feet wide by 116 feet deep by 64 feet tall. The first floor is faced with limestone; the limestone continues upward in the shape of five pilasters dividing the facade into six bays. The upper floors between the pilasters are faced with light brown brick.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is located in the eastern bay, and is topped with a carved panel. An identical panel also tops a slight recess located in the western bay to match the entryway. The other four bays contain semi-round arched openings with subdivided windows on the ground floor. Two-story rectangular openings above contain one group of windows on each floor.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the basement contains a cable vault, a battery room and the heating plant. The first and second floors contain the switching equipment, and the third floor contains operating rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Lowell Power Canal System is the largest power canal system in the United States, at 5.6 miles in length. It is operating through six major canals on two levels, controlled by numerous gates. The system was begun in the 1790s, beginning its life as a transportation canal called the Pawtucket Canal, which was constructed to get logs from New Hampshire down the Merrimack River to shipbuilding centers at Newburyport, Massachusetts, bypassing the 30-plus-foot drop of the Pawtucket Falls.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1820s, Associates of the recently deceased Francis Cabot Lowell bought up the old Pawtucket Canal in what was then East Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Within a few years, the new industrial center that became Lowell was using canals feeding off a widened and deepened Pawtucket Canal as a direct power source for their textile mills. The first of these canals was the Merrimack Canal, which powered the Merrimack Manufacturing Company. The repurposing of the Proprietors of Locks and Canals allowed the Associates to sell water power to other companies, starting with the Hamilton Canal, leading to the explosive growth of the town, and then shortly thereafter, city, of Lowell.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1840s, Lowell&#39;s canal system was producing as much power as possible. However, the Chief Engineer of Locks and Canals, an Englishman by the name of James B. Francis devised the Northern Canal and the Moody Street Feeder, to increase the capacity of, and availability of water to various parts of, the whole system. The Pawtucket Gatehouse was constructed to control flow from behind the Pawtucket Dam into the Northern Canal.</p><br>
<p>The dam itself, which was built twenty years earlier, was lengthened at that time, diverting the entire Merrimack (during periods of lower flow) into the two canal system entrances above it. It is a stone dam topped with wooden flashboards – a system still used on this dam today. The level of the water is regulated by the flashboards and the metal pins that hold them back. When there is too much water going over the top of the dam, the pins bend backwards, releasing the boards, and the outflow of the dam is increased.</p><br>
<p>The Gatehouse contains ten wooden gates that control the flow of the Merrimack into the canal. Originally, they were opened by a Francis Turbine, also an invention of James B. Francis. Today, the Gatehouse is controlled electrically and remotely by Boott Hydroelectric, who is partially a continuation of the Proprietors of Locks and Canals, and who operates a 24-megawatt hydroplant on the Northern Canal.</p><br>
<p>The Canal System and the Gatehouse were designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the ASCE in 1984 and a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the ASME in 1985 and are part of Lowell National Historical Park. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and declared a National Historic Landmark the next year.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline of canals</h2><br>
<p>1796: Pawtucket Canal</p><br>
<p>1822: Merrimack Canal</p><br>
<p>1825: Hamilton Canal</p><br>
<p>1828: Lowell Canal</p><br>
<p>1831: Lawrence Canal, Western Canal</p><br>
<p>1835: Eastern Canal</p><br>
<p>1847: Northern Canal, Moody Street Feeder, and Pawtucket Gatehouse</p><br>
<p>The Pryor Brock Farmstead is a place on the National Register of Historic Places just west of Zionsville, Indiana, comprising 4.9 acre of what was once a 200 acre farm. It was placed on the Register, June 27, 2008, due to its role in the agricultural history of Eagle Township, Boone County, Indiana. Pryor Brock Farmstead, with its carpenter&#39;s rendering of Italianate architecture, is the best representation of the prosperous agricultural setting around Zionsville/Eagle Township during its time of significance , the "golden age" of Hoosier agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The farm was built by Pryor and Emeline Brock. Pryor was born on January 31, 1823, in Tennessee, and moved to Putnam County, Indiana in 1829 when his father Allen Brock chose to relocate; the family removed to Boone County in 1832. Pryor married Emeline Stoneking in 1846. It was in 1878 that the Brocks built the house, after some of their older children had already moved out. By 1880 the value of the land was $10,000 when the county average was $1,180. Emeline died in 1884, with Pryor eventually marrying an Emma Lemon when he was 68 years old. Pryor would be 75 years old when he died on October 3, 1898. The farmstead continued in the Brock family until 2006, when Rosemary Brock Rudwolis died, with a codicil stating the structures on the property should be maintained and preserved.</p><br>
<p>The wood-framed main house is a Late Victorian-Italianate structure, with a stone foundation, wood/clapboard walls, and an asphalt roof. Although well made, the Brock&#39;s purposely avoided "urban showiness". The farmland is one of the few elevated areas of an otherwise flat, featureless countryside. Partially covered boulders which came to the area as glacial erratics flank the entrance to the property.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Nelson Wilson House is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, Indiana. It was placed on the Register on June 26, 2008, due to its unique architecture , and for being the work of prominent local architect John W. Gaddis. The Daviess County Interim Report gave the house its highest rating: "Outstanding".</p><br>
<p>Nelson H. Wilson, born in Jefferson County, Indiana on November 12, 1844, married Matilda M. Campbell in 1889. From 1890 to 1895 he practiced dentistry is Washington, Indiana. In 1893 they had the house built. In 1895, Nelson Wilson died. Sometime between Wilson&#39;s death and 1900 the house went to William Beck, whose family would own the house until 2001. Matilda Wilson died on August 11, 1914.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Nelson Wilson House is a two-story Queen Anne-style house, with a brick foundation, brick and limestone walls, and asphalt roof, built in 1893 by a John W. Gaddis, an architect from nearby Vincennes, Indiana who would later become known for building courthouses, such as those for Clay County, Huntington County, and Putnam County. Gaddis included elements of the Eastlake style in the house as well, as demonstrated by its "stickwork&quot it is highly unusual, however, that the stickwork was not done with wood, as typical in Eastlake, but instead with brick.</p><br>
<p>Of particular note are the pattern on the side porches, which is Masonic Cross pattern. This Masonic Cross pattern could be seen as a Maltese Cross motif, save that both Nelson Wilson and John Gaddis were active Freemasons, and the thought of deviating from the Eastlake style to the Masonic Cross style in constructing the side porches is easily explained in one of the two deciding on the style.</p><br>
<p>The Rochester Downtown Historic District is a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places  in Rochester, Indiana, United States. It was placed on the Register on June 24, 2008. The majority of buildings in the area are masonry and Italianate while structures outside the district are largely residential frame built structures.</p><br>
<p>Rochester was founded as a trading post in 1831 between the European settlers and local Native Americans, along the old Michigan Road where it intersected Mill Creek. Most of the contributing buildings lie along the old Michigan Road, now Main Street, in a right-of-way pattern (the newer, non-contributing buildings do not follow this pattern).</p><br>
<p>Alexander Chamberlain built the first tavern-hotel in Rochester in 1835, the same year, he and Lot Bozarth filed a plat for the town of Rochester. In 1836, Cyrus Taber with William and George Ewing expanded the original plat south one block to include what is now the courthouse square. The first courthouse was built of wood in 1837 along with a jail. Rochester&#39;s location on the Michigan Road contributed to continued growth. By 1840, there were several three story buildings and 300 residents.</p><br>
<p>The current courthouse was built in 1895-1896 and the old jail replaced in 1851. The Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago Railroad arrived in 1869, and brick became the norm for commercial construction.</p><br>
<p>Prominent buildings in the district include the Fulton County Courthouse (which is a Richardsonian Romanesque building also NRHP-listed), a water tower, Rochester City Hall & Fire Department, post office, and telephone company.</p><br>
<p>The limestone courthouse, which was already on the National Register as of September 22, 2000, is located on Ninth Street. Four different memorials are on its grounds: one for the Pottawatomies&#39; Trail of Death, a cornerstone for the Rochester College, and two war memorials. Although most of the buildings in the district are constructed of brick, after the construction of the courthouse, with its rusticated limestone construction, it is believed that other buildings were renovated to match the courthouse using faux stone that was cemented to their brick structures; the Masonic Temple is reflective of this. Limestone is also used on the name blocks of buildings. The historic fire department has an engraved limestone name block above its door. The city hall not only has a similar limestone name block, but the right and left bays of the hall have limestone diamonds above them.</p><br>
<h2>Significant Buildings</h2><br>
<p>All structures are historically contributing towards the Historic District Status, unless otherwise noted. An ‘O’ rating signifies that the structure had enough historic or architectural significance to be considered for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The ‘N’ rating signifies that the structure is above average and may, with further investigation be eligible for an individual listing. The ‘C’ or contributing rating signifies that the structure meet the basic inventory qualifications, but fails to meet individual merit, but in combination with other closely placed similar structures warrants inclusion in an historic district.</p><br>
<p>East Eight St</p><br>
<p>118-22 – Centennial Block, Italianate, 1876 (N) Built during the nations centennial year, the Centennial Building was built for Feder and Silberberg clothing. Additionally, the Red Man Lodge met here and the Rochester Sentinel operated from this building from its founding until 1924. The Sentinel is the oldest business operating in the county.</p><br>
<p>Main St</p><br>
<p>714-12 – Dillon Building, Neo-Classical, c. 1915, (N)</p><br>
<p>730-28 – Mammoth Building, Italianate, 1869, (N) The Mammoth Building was built in 1869 by William Ritters and used by the Mason.</p><br>
<p>800 – J.Dawson Building, Italianate, 1872 (C)</p><br>
<p>800 block – Fulton County Courthouse, Richardsonian Romanesque, 1896; Architect: A.W. Rush & Son; Building: J.E. Gibson (N)</p><br>
<p>802 – Rochester Bank Building, Italianate, 1887 (C)</p><br>
<p>830-28 – I.O.O.F. Block; Indeterminate, 1870 (NC)</p><br>
<p>831 – Historical Marker, Commemorates Founding of Rochester College, 1895, (N) “In 1893 a public spirited group of businessmen and educators decided that Rochester, Indiana was a strategic location for a Normal College. Those who spearheaded the promotion were Dr. W.S. Shafer, Prof. George Suman and Prof. W.H. Banta. The Institution site was at the south end of College Avenue. The Corner stone was laid June 27 and the building dedicated November 29, 1895. It was constructed of brick and stone, of Norman design. It consisted of a full basement and three floors, which accommodated 400 students. Prof. Banta was the first President. In 1908 Prof. F.A. Herrington succeeded him. Miss Flo Delp was long time secretary. The College closed its doors in 1912 because of financial problems.</p><br>
<p>RHD 800 Block Main Street P9270561.jpgMain Street, west of the courthouse</p><br>
<p>RHD Rochester College P9270549.jpgRochester College Historic Marker</p><br>
<p>RHD Courthouse P9270547.jpgFulton County Courthouse</p><br>
<p>The North Irvington Gardens Historic District is a neighborhood and national historic district in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 27, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The district was placed on the register for three reasons. First, it reflects residential development trends during its time of significance. Second, noted author Margaret Weymouth Jackson lived in the district between World War I and World War II. Finally, it reflects the various styles used in residence in a "textbook" manner, particularly "small houses".</p><br>
<p>One of the prominent structures in the district is Harolds Steer-In, built in 1951. It is a contributing building even though it was built one year after the era of notability. Originally named Northways Restaurant when it opened in 1951, it became Laughners Cafeteria from the mid-1950s to 1964, at which time it gained the name Harold&#39;s Steer-In. It has remained open since then except for three weeks in 2004 when it seemed to have closed for good until two employees invested in the restaurant and reopened it in time for a special Thanksgiving Day feast for loyal customers. It is one of the few surviving authentic drive-ins left in Indianapolis. Peyton Manning once filmed a commercial for MasterCard in the building in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Irvington Development Organization was the driving force in obtaining National Register status for the district. Money from a Preserve America grant given to the organization funded this effort.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Park Historic District is a national historic district located in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 24, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park was annexed by the city of Indianapolis in 1906. The streets would not be paved until November 1916, with 43rd Street not having sidewalks and pavement until 1923. The apartments in the district, built in the 1920s and 1930, attracted young professionals who not only liked the neighborhood, but saw it as "prestigious".</p><br>
<p>The buildings in the district are a church (the former Holy Trinity Hellenic Greek Orthodox Church), two duplexes, a four-unit apartment building, eight doubles, 101 single houses, most of which were built before World War II, and two non-contributing (historically) brick houses built in 1986 and 1987 that do not contrast with the other buildings. Many of the contributing buildings are of different Revival architectural styles, particularly from Europe: Classical, Colonial Revival, Italian Renaissance, and Tudor Revival.</p><br>
<p>Of particular note is the Harry Hartley house, which was based on Château de Malmaison, a residence of Napoleon Bonaparte. Harry Hartley sent architect William Earl Russ to the original in France to replicate the French chalet in a smaller form, in effect creating a Napoleon complex in Indianapolis.</p><br>
<p>Another prominent building is the home of United States Senator Albert J. Beveridge. It was here that he wrote his biography of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, which won a Pulitzer Prize.</p><br>
<p>The Tippecanoe Twp. District No. 3 Schoolhouse and Cemetery is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in Tippecanoe, Indiana. It was placed on the Register on June 24, 2008.</p><br>
<p>A.H. Buckham donated the land that comprised the cemetery and school. The burial of his son Hiram in 1844 at the site established the cemetery, with the school built years later. The cemetery&#39;s northeast corner marks the highest point of the hill and Marshall County.</p><br>
<p>The school is a Greek Revival structure, built around 1860. It is a single story frame house, with an area of 25 feet by 30 feet. In 1910 a 12 foot by 13 foot cloak room was added to the structure. There were earlier outhouses for both boys and girls, but when the new WPA outhouse was built in the 1930s, it was a single stall with four feet of total area. The school was built towards the end of a decade where Indiana, following their 1851 state constitution being ratified, stressed the importance of increasing public schools of Indiana, resulting in the number of Hoosier students in public schools going from 161 to 882 in 1858, with only fifteen percent to the districts in the state without public schools.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is still an active cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 and 2002 a restoration project was begun on the school and outhouse, under the guidance of the Wythougan Valley Preservation Council, a local historic preservation group. A previous student of the schools told the renovators where to properly place the teachers deck and map stand, and desks of the appropriate area were placed within. Both buildings were repainted, with roof improvements as well.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford-Gilpin House is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in Martinsville, Indiana, United States, thirty miles southwest of downtown Indianapolis. It was placed on the Register on June 24, 2008. It made the list due its brick Italianate structure being among the finest in Martinsville/Morgan County, and for being the home of many prominent leaders in Martinsville history.</p><br>
<p>James Crawford, who had served the community of Martinsville as justice of the peace and built the first brick church in the town, had owned the property where the house was built since 1837; he was a "wheelhorse" who helped lead the local Whig Party into competitiveness against the majority Democratic Party of Morgan County. In 1862 he and his wife built the house, only to sell it later that year to Israel Gilpin, who operated one of Martinsville&#39;s first industries, a wool mill complementing the previous Martinsville industries of pork packing and shipping.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 the Gilpins sold the house to a farmer named John Buckner, who in turn sold it in 1889 to the Clapper family who held it until 1926. Car dealers Howard and Doris Daily owned it from 1926 to 1930, losing it due to Howard wagering it in a poker game. It then moved to the Sedwick family until 1945, when it was sold back to Doris Daily. Since Daily&#39;s death, it has changed ownership thrice, most recently in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford-Gilpin House is a two-story brick and limestone Italianate structure on a brick foundation. A carriage house built with the house also still stands. The Morgan County Historical Preservation Society has awarded the current owners a grant for fixing storm shutters and porch trim.</p><br>
<p>The DeForest Skinner House or Skinner Homestead, is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in Valparaiso, Indiana. It was placed on the Register on June 24, 2008. Built around 1860, it is a two-story carpentered Italianate structure with a double brick foundation, weatherboard walls, and asphalt roof, located three blocks north of the Porter County Courthouse. The register listing includes a carriage stepping stone by the north porch, with the family name upon it.</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner acquired the recently built house around the time he married Rachel Ann Maxwell in 1861. Skinner had arrived in Valparaiso in 1847 at age eleven with his parents John and Emily Skinner; he displayed business acumen early in life as he worked for various commercial interests. From 1874 to 1878, as a member of the Republican Party, he served as a member of the Indiana Senate. Then in 1880 and 1888 he represented his area at the Democratic National Conventions. He also served as the President of the First National Bank from 1887 until his death in 1902. He was also Indianas representative at the Worlds Congress of Bankers in 1893. Furthermore, he was on the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad&#39;s board of directors. His death in 1902 occurred in the house.</p><br>
<p>Upon Skinners death, the house was under control of his son Leslie Reid Skinner, born in 1873. Leslie became the railroads director after his father&#39;s death, making him the youngest railroad director in the United States. Leslie and his wife sold the house in 1919 to Louis Szold, who lived in the house until 1946. Szold started renting out the house in 1930, and subsequent owners continued to use the house as apartments until December 2005, when current owners Kirk and Caroline Conner began renovating the house.</p><br>
<p>Weil Hall  is a historic building at Stadium Road and Gale Lemerand Drive  on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida, United States. On June 24, 2008, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Built in sections between 1947 and 1949, it was designed by the Florida Board of Control&#39;s third architect Guy Fulton in the Collegiate Gothic architectural style begun by William Augustus Edwards the first BOC architect in 1905 and continued by his successor Rudolph Weaver, the second BOC architect. It was to be, however, one of the last buildings on campus to remain true to that style. It was named for Joseph Weil, dean of the College of Engineering.</p><br>
<p>Weil Hall houses the College of engineering deans and also various departments. Civil Engineering and Industrial Engineering are the two predominant colleges that occupy the building. Every year the colleges students host an event called "Pig Fest" were the two departments students celebrate the school year&#39;s end and compete in various games for dominance and kingdom of Weil Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Hub is a historic building on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida in the United States. It is located on Stadium Road between Buckman Drive and Fletcher Drive.</p><br>
<p>On June 24, 2008, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Hub was built in 1949-1950 after being designed by Andrew Ferendino of the Miami architectural firm of Russell Pancoast and Associates, as directed by Florida Board of Control architect Guy Fulton and UFs consulting architect Jefferson Hamilton. It was UFs first departure from the Collegiate Gothic architectural style that had prevailed on the campus since the first buildings, Buckman and Thomas, were built in 1905.</p><br>
<p>During its design phase, the Hub was briefly known as the Student Services Center. Around the time of its grand opening, it was renamed the Hub by students after a campus-wide contest.</p><br>
<h3>Change in services</h3><br>
<p>The Hub originally housed the campus bookstore, post office, barber shop, soda fountain, and movie theater.</p><br>
<p>Prior to moving to the J. Wayne Reitz Union in 2003, the university&#39;s bookstore and ID card services were both located at the Hub. A small food court was set up on the first floor and the "Technology Hub" selling computer accessories and software was on the second floor.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, the Hub began undergoing a $10.8 million renovation and was later reopened in April 2007. The renovation added various computer and videoconferencing equipment, a 10,000 ft&sup2; open wireless Internet area, a Starbucks, and group and individual study rooms. The Office of Academic Technology and the International Center (study abroad) moved to the Hub following the renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Yulee area  is a historic residence hall complex at 13th Street and Inner Road, SW, on the University of Florida campus in Gainesville, Florida in the United States. It is the site of the first permanent dormitories built for women after the campus became co-educational in 1947. On June 24, 2008, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1950, the four story Mallory, Reid and Yulee halls were designed by Florida Board of Control architect Guy Fulton in a simple, contemporary style in keeping with the board&#39;s mandate not to use the more expensive Collegiate Gothic architectural style that had prevailed on campus since its creation in 1905. Fulton, though, did manage to unify the new buildings with the older ones by using the same basic materials of "clay roof tiles, redbrick and stone or concrete trim." Mallory was named for Angela Mallory, wife of USA Senator and Confederate cabinet member Stephen Mallory, Reid was named for Mary Martha Reid, a prominent Confederate nurse during the American Civil War, and Yulee was named for Nancy Wycliffe Yulee, daughter of Kentucky Governor and USA Postmaster General Charles A. Wickliffe and wife of USA Senator David Levy Yulee. These were the first UF buildings to be named for women, albeit in two cases for women whose prominence was based mainly on that of their fathers or husbands.</p><br>
<h2>Yulee Hall</h2><br>
<p>Yulee Hall, the flagship dormitory of the area, contains 94 rooms in single, double and triple style and can house 177 students. It is co-ed by floor. The Yulee area office is located on the first floor of the dorm.</p><br>
<h3>Global Living Learning Community</h3><br>
<p>The hall is home to the Global Living Learning Community, a program designed to teach residents cultural awareness and keep them in touch with current global events while preparing them to be world leaders.</p><br>
<h2>Mallory Hall</h2><br>
<p>Mallory Hall contains 91 rooms in single, double and triple style and can hold 175 students. It was the last remaining women-only hall until fall of 2004 when it became co-ed by floor.</p><br>
<h2>Reid Hall</h2><br>
<p>Reid Hall contains 86 rooms in single, double and triple style and can house 166 students. It is co-ed by floor.</p><br>
<h3>Fine Arts Living Learning Community</h3><br>
<p>Located across Inner Road from the College of Fine Arts, Reid is also home to the Fine Arts Living Learning Community, a program designed to nurture students in the visual and performing arts programs.</p><br>
<h2>Yulee Area Council</h2><br>
<p>Yulee Area Council (abbreviated as YAC) is a student organization that represents residents of the area to the Inter-Residence Hall Association and the University of Florida Department of Housing and Residence Life. The organization is one of 11 area governments (abbreviated as AGs) that represent individual areas of residence halls.</p><br>
<p>YAC was previously abbreviated as RYMAC, standing for Reid, Yulee, Mallory Area Council and, therefore, listing every hall.</p><br>
<p>Lairmont Manor, also known as the Larrabee House, is a 1914 Italian Renaissance style home located in Bellingham, Washington. It was designed by Carl Gould, who is most known for designing the main library at the University of Washington. The home was built for C. X. Larrabee, who wanted one of the finest homes in the northwest, but he died before its completion. Currently, the home is used for weddings and other special occasions.</p><br>
<p>The Academy of Medicine in midtown Atlanta, Georgia, was built in 1941 and housed the Medical Association of Atlanta until the 1970s. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is also designated as a historic building by the City of Atlanta. It is currently owned by the Georgia Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Academy was designed by the Atlanta architecture firm of Hentz, Adler & Shutze, with R. Kennon Perry the project architect and Philip Trammell Shutze the supervising principal. The building was intended as a meeting place for Atlanta physicians. Shutze&#39;s austerely classical design is reminiscent of the work of John Soane and Benjamin Latrobe.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>By the 1970s, the building had fallen into disrepair. The building was renovated in 1983 and is used by the public as well as the medical profession.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Atlanta Medical Heritage, Inc. donated the Academy of Medicine to the Georgia Tech Foundation, Inc. due to lack of resources to maintain the facility. The Georgia Tech Foundation accepted the gift on behalf of the Georgia Institute of Technology, and the buildings name, Academy of Medicine, must be retained. Additionally, the properties designation on the National Register of Historic Places, prevents the university from redeveloping the site or undergoing any improvements inconsistent with the Academy&#39;s historical significance.</p><br>
<p>The property is undergoing restoration for community and campus use, and has been retrofitted to serve the larger community as an event facility. The spacious auditorium provides seating for 250, and may be used for ceremonies, seminars, musical performances or lectures. The building also has a large central rotunda with a domed ceiling from which the chandelier from Gone with the Wind hangs, which host weddings.</p><br>
<p>The Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant at 699 Ponce de Leon Avenue in the Poncey-Highland neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia was the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company&#39;s southeastern US operations from 1915 to 1942. As a result of good sales in Atlanta, and a desire to decentralize production, Ford established a combined assembly, sales, service and administration facility on Ponce de Leon Avenue, selling a peak of 22,000 vehicles per year. The assembly plant produced Model Ts, Model As and V-8s until 1942, when the plant was sold to the War Department and a new plant was opened in the Atlanta suburb of Hapeville.</p><br>
<p>The 150,000 ft&sup2; building was designed by Ford&#39;s in-house architect, John Graham. An office block in the front was backed by a multi-story loft-style assembly plant.</p><br>
<p>The War Department used the building as a storage depot and as administrative offices. Sold for development in 1979, the building is now known as Ford Factory Square or the Ford Factory Lofts and is occupied by apartments and retail shops. Architects for the adaptive reuse project were Bradfield Associates.</p><br>
<p>The Kroger supermarket at the Ford Factory is inspiration for the meme Murder Kroger.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Atlanta Biltmore Hotel and Biltmore Apartments is a historic building located in Atlanta, Georgia. The complex, originally consisting of a hotel and apartments, was developed by William Candler, son of Coca-Cola executive Asa Candler, with Holland Ball Judkins and John McEntee Bowman. The original hotel building was converted to an office building in 1999. The building is currently owned by the Georgia Institute of Technology and is adjacent to Technology Square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Opened on April 19, 1924, the 11-story hotel and 10-story apartment building were constructed somewhat away from downtown Atlanta, in an area that became known as Midtown. Designed by the New York firm of Schultze and Weaver, the hotel was operated by Bowman-Biltmore Hotels.</p><br>
<p>The Atlanta Biltmore is easily distinguished by the towering radio masts on each end of the building, with vertical illuminated letters that spell out "BILTMORE". The studios on the top floor broadcast WSB-AM from 1925 until 1956. The large radio masts supported the transmitting antenna of WSB-AM from 1925 to 1929, when output power was increased to 5,000 watts, and a suburban transmitter site was built in East Lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1967, the Atlanta Biltmore was sold to Sheraton Hotels and became the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel. Sheraton spent $5 million on renovations and operated the hotel until 1979, when they sold it to Biltmore Hospitality Partners, which renamed the hotel the Atlanta Biltmore. Both buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 20, 1980. The hotel closed in 1982 and was sold in 1984 to Renaissance Investment Corporation, which planned to convert both the smaller apartment tower and the enormous hotel tower to condominiums. They completed work on the apartment tower, but then went bankrupt in 1986 and had to sell the entire property. The newly renovated apartment tower was opened as the Biltmore Suites Hotel while the main building remained vacant for many years.</p><br>
<p>The complex was sold to Novare Group in January 1998, who gutted and transformed the main hotel building into office space, reopening it in 1999. Due to extensive renovations over the years, there were only two remaining historic public rooms, the ballroom and dining room on the main floor. They were fully restored and are used as public function rooms, known as The Biltmore Ballrooms. The adjoining Biltmore Suites Hotel was closed in 1998 and converted to condominiums known as Biltmore House, which opened in 1999.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, 2016, The Biltmore was purchased from Novare by the Georgia Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Biltmore Hotel, Atlanta, 1926.png1926 view showing the main hotel building and the apartment tower on the left</p><br>
<p>Front of Biltmore, Atlanta.jpgWest Peachtree Street facade</p><br>
<p>Biltmore Hotel 2.jpgPortico on West Peachtree Street</p><br>
<p>Biltmore Hotel 3.jpgBiltmore House Condominiums</p><br>
<p>View of the Biltmore from the Palomar, Midtown Atlanta GA.jpgView from the Renaissance Hotel</p><br>
<p>The Biltmore Atlanta historical marker.jpgNational Register of Historic Places plaque</p><br>
<p>The National NuGrape Company Lofts are located in Atlanta&#39;s Old Fourth Ward on the north side of Ralph McGill Blvd. and the west side of the BeltLine trail. The building was built in 1937 as the national headquarters for the National NuGrape Company, a soft drink firm in Atlanta, Georgia, United States which created the NuGrape, Sun Crest, and Kickapoo Joy Juice brands. The building was occupied by NuGrape until 1971, when it was sold to a printing company. After 1990, the building was converted to loft apartments. The building was converted to unique loft condominiums in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Roslyn Grist Mill is located along Old Northern Boulevard in Roslyn, New York, United States. It was built sometime before the mid-18th century and is one of the few surviving Dutch colonial commercial frame buildings in the USA Added to both the National Register of Historic Places and New York State Register of Historic Places in 1986, it is currently being restored by the Roslyn Landmark Society for use as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The -story rectangular mill is 50 ft long by 25 ft wide. The original timber framing, which uses a series of transverse post and beam bents connected by sills and wall plates, differing from the traditional European grid pattern, is now covered in weatherboard. A -story wing is located to the west, above the race. A mill pond, incorporated into the Roslyn Village Historic District unlike the actual mill itself, is to the north, its outlet eventually feeding into Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has, in the past, been dropped about 12 ft below street level, due to the effect of tides and renovations on its footings. A hook-and-pulley double plank door is located in the center of the attic. Windows are irregularly located since many have been either added over time or boarded over. Some of the original milling equipment, mainly gears was still located inside as of 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A gristmill has existed on the site since the first decade of the 18th century, when John Robeson built on it. He in turn sold it to Jeremiah Williams, who is believed to have built the current mill sometime between 1715 and 1741. After another owner, it became the property of Hendrick Onderdonk, who already operated two paper mills in the settlement then known as Hempstead Harbor, in 1758.</p><br>
<p>He ran the mill profitably, and hosted George Washington, who mentions the mill in his diary, on a 1790 visit to the area. The Onderdonk family sold it in 1801 to Daniel Hoogland and Abraham Coles. They sold in 1849 to Joseph Hicks, whose family continued to operate it as a mill until 1916, when they converted it into a tea house and museum. That use continued until 1975, when the Nassau County parks department took it over.</p><br>
<h3>21st-century restoration</h3><br>
<p>During the county&#39;s ownership, the building remained vacant. No use or new tenant could be found, and it continued to deteriorate.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, Roslyn citizens got the county to begin restoration efforts that are eventually expected to cost $2 million, funded by the county, village, and matching contributions from the community. As part of the project, the mill will be brought back up to street level. When the work is complete, the county will transfer title to the village, which will let the Roslyn Landmark Society operate it as a museum of the water-powered industries like Onderdonk&#39;s that once were so numerous in the village.</p><br>
<p>In 2020 during the restoration, a time capsule was found embedded in concrete that dated to an earlier restoration in 1917. George Gorski, a Woodbury-based carpenter working on converting the mill into a museum, unearthed a half-pint milk bottle from the Alex Campbell Milk Co., a defunct Long Island distributor. Inside were four coins, a Civil War Army & Navy token (Da.1863), an Indian head penny (Da.1881), a Haitian 20 centimes (Da.1863) and an Indian head penny (Da.1905). There were two letters, one in English that was barely legible and one in Italian by an Artisan, Romolo Caparelli, who was from Pico, Italy. That letter was translated by a Cultural studies professor at Stony Brook University and will be displayed at the mill when the restoration is complete. The other was from a Roslyn builder and descendant of a Hessian soldier who fought in the American Revolution, Steven Speedling, detailing the workers on the earlier restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Coronado Apartments is an apartment building located on 3751&ndash;73 Second Avenue  in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Coronado Apartments were built in 1894 by George D. Nutt, a prominent Detroit builder, The building was one of the first apartment buildings in Detroit built for affluent middle class citizens at a time when apartment living was just becoming socially acceptable. The Coronado remained a fashionable address until the 1930s, when declining demand for large apartments, and increased demand for smaller units, led the Coronados owners to divide the formerly spacious apartments in two. No further renovation was done until 1982, when the owners began a restoration and remodeling project.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Coronado is a four-story Romanesque apartment building built on a high basement. It is constructed of yellow brick and rusticated sandstone with a flat roof and architecturally designed elevations on both the Second and Selden avenues sides. The Second Avenue façade is primarily symmetrical, with three entrances and open loggias on the floors above each. The façade is terminated at the south end by a curved bay window and at the north (Selden) corner by a round turret. The building is divided horizontally, with rusticated sandstone forming the outer walls up through the second story, and yellow brick above. A broad cornice and wide panelled brick frieze, pierced with ventilation holes, tops the building.</p><br>
<p>Broad Margin is the name given to the private residence originally commissioned by Gabrielle and Charlcey Austin. It is located in Greenville, South Carolina, United States, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and was built by local builder Harold T. Newton in 1954. It is one of two buildings designed by Wright in South Carolina .</p><br>
<p>It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The house is built into the slope of the 2 acre lot. It has 12 in concrete walls. It extensively uses cypress wood throughout including its ceiling of cypress boards. The house has polished red concrete floors. Copper tubes are embedded in the concrete floors to heat the house using hot water.</p><br>
<p>The cypress furniture was designed for the house. The doors and window frames were constructed on-site of cypress. The hardware is solid brass.</p><br>
<p>The house was documented with photographs and written historical data by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Theater District in the Historic Core of Downtown Los Angeles is the first and largest historic theater district listed on the National Register of Historic Places . With twelve movie palaces located along a six-block stretch of Broadway, it is the only large concentration of movie palaces left in the United States. The same six-block stretch of Broadway, and an adjacent section of Seventh Street, was also the city&#39;s retail hub for the first half of the twentieth century, lined with large and small department stores and specialty stores.</p><br>
<p>NRHP refers to the district as the Broadway Theater and Commercial District, while the City of Los Angeles Planning Department refers to the Broadway Theater and Entertainment District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Los Angeles&#39;s Broadway Theater District stretches for six blocks from Third to Ninth Streets along South Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, and contains twelve movie theaters built between 1910 and 1931. In 1986, Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith called the district "the only large concentration of vintage movie theaters left in America."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>The districts first theater was built in 1910, and by 1931, the district had the highest concentration of cinemas in the world, with seating capacity for more than 15,000 patrons. At the time, Broadway was the hub of L.A.s entertainment scene – a place where "screen goddesses and guys in fedoras rubbed elbows with Army nurses and aircraft pioneers."</p><br>
<p>Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith recalled growing up a mile from Broadway around this time and spending his Saturdays in the theaters:"I remember walking into those opulent interiors, surrounded by the glory of the Renaissance, or the age of Baroque, and spending two or three hours in the dream world of the movies. When I came out again the sky blazed; the heat bounced off the sidewalk, traffic sounds filled the street, I was back in the hard reality of the Depression.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and revitalization</h3><br>
<p>In the years after World War II, the district began to decline, as first-run movie-goers shifted to the movie palaces in Hollywood, in Westwood Village, and later to suburban multiplexes. After World War II, as Anglo moviegoers moved to the suburbs, many of the Broadway movie palaces became venues for Spanish-language movies and variety shows. In 1988, the Los Angeles Times noted that without the Hispanic community "Broadway would be dead" and that Broadway had been "rescued and revitalized" by "the Latino renaissance."</p><br>
<h3>Preservation and renovation</h3><br>
<p>The district has been the subject of preservation and restoration efforts since the 1980s. In 1987, the Los Angeles Conservancy started a program called "Last Remaining Seats" in which the old movie palaces were opened each summer to show classic Hollywood movies. After attending a Conservancy screening, one writer noted: "The other night I went to the movies and was transported to a world of powdered wigs and hoop skirts, a rococo fantasy of gilded cherubs and crystal chandeliers. And then the film started."</p><br>
<p>Despite preservation efforts, many of the theaters have been converted to other uses, including flea markets and churches. The Broadway movie palaces fell victim to a number of circumstances, including changing demographics and tastes, a downtown location that was perceived as dangerous at night, and high maintenance costs for aging facilities. With the closure of the State Theater in 1998, the Orpheum and the Palace were the only two still screening films.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Of all of L.A.&#39;s many hidden gems, maybe none is as sparkling nor as hidden as the Broadway theater district downtown." Bemoaning the possible loss of such gems, the same writer noted: "L.A. gave birth to the movies. To lose the astonishing nurseries where the medium grew up would be tragic."</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the City of Los Angeles launched a $40-million campaign to revitalize the Broadway district, known as the "Bringing Back Broadway" campaign. Some Latino merchants in the district expressed concern that the campaign was an effort to spread the largely Anglo gentrification taking hold in other parts of downtown to an area that has become the citys leading Latino shopping district. A worker at one of the districts bridal shops noted, "On one side, I like the idea. The only thing is that I don&#39;t think they want our types of businesses."</p><br>
<h2>Theaters</h2><br>
<h3>Surviving theaters on Broadway</h3><br>
<p>The twelve theaters in the Broadway District from north to south are:</p><br>
<p>Million Dollar Theater – Movie palace – Located at 307 S. Broadway, the Million Dollar Theater was built by Sid Grauman and opened in 1918. The theater was designed by architects Albert C. Martin and William Lee Woollett with a fanciful facade in the Churrigueresque style. After more than 30 years as one of the city&#39;s most prestigious first-run movie palaces, the Million Dollar Theater presented Spanish-language films and variety shows from 1950 until the late 1980s. The theater had a seating capacity of 2,345 when it opened in 1918. In 1925, Ben-Hur played for six months at the Million Dollar Theater.</p><br>
<p>Roxie Theatre – Movie palace – Located at 518 S. Broadway, the Roxie was built in 1932—the last of the movie palaces built on Broadway. The Roxie had a seating capacity of 1,600 when it opened and was noted for its Art Deco (Zigzag Moderne) style, including its stepped roofline, angular grillwork, chevron ornament, and terrazzo sunburst in the sidewalk. The theater&#39;s sleek Streamline Moderne ticket booth was removed when the theater was converted to retail use.</p><br>
<p>Cameo Theatre – Nickelodeon – Located at 528 S. Broadway, the Cameo opened in 1910 with a seating capacity of 775. Designed by Alfred Rosenheim in a Renaissance Revival style, the Cameo was originally known as Clune&#39;s Broadway. Until it closed in 1991, it was the oldest continuously operating movie theater in California. The Cameo has been converted into a swap meet-type market.</p><br>
<p>Arcade Theatre – English-music-hall-style theater – Located at 534 S. Broadway, the Arcade opened in 1910 as a vaudeville house that was part of the Pantages vaudeville circuit. The Arcade was designed by Morgan & Walls in the Beaux Arts style with tripartite vertical division of the facade. Theater has been closed since 1992. Currently used as retail space.</p><br>
<p>Los Angeles Theatre – Movie palace – Located at 615 S. Broadway, the Los Angeles opened in 1931 for the premiere of Charlie Chaplin&#39;s City Lights. Columnist Jack Smith wrote that the Los Angeles Theater was "palatial beyond the dreams of a prince" with a lobby that suggested "nothing less than the glory of Versailles.". Current capacity: 1,931.</p><br>
<p>Palace Theatre – Vaudeville theater and movie palace – Located at 630 S. Broadway, the Palace opened in 1911 with a seating capacity of 2,200. It was an Orpheum vaudeville theater from 1911–1926 and is the oldest remaining Orpheum theater in the United States. The structure was designed by G. Albert Lansburgh based on a Florentine early Renaissance palazzo. The brick facade includes multi-colored terra-cotta swags and four panels depicting the muses of vaudeville sculpted by Domingo Mora. It is also owned by the Broadway Theatre Group. Current capacity: 1,068.</p><br>
<p>State Theatre – Vaudeville theater and movie palace – Located at 703 S. Broadway, The State opened in 1921 with a seating capacity of 2,450. The theater offered both film and vaudeville when it opened. Judy Garland performed at the theater as part of the Gumm Sisters in 1929. Designed by Charles Weeks and William Day, the 12-story Loew&#39;s State is said to be the largest brick-clad structure in Los Angeles. In 1998, Metropolitan Theaters stopped showing movies at the State and leased the space to the Universal Church. As of 2015 the State is owned by the Broadway Theatre Group and is leased by the Cathedral of Faith for use as a church.</p><br>
<p>Globe Theatre – Legitimate theater – Located at 744 S. Broadway, the Globe opened in 1913 as the Morosco Theatre, with a seating capacity of 782. Built for impresario Oliver Morosco and designed by the architectural firm of Morgan, Walls & Morgan, it was used for full-scale live dramatic theater. It was converted into a movie theater during the Great Depression and later served as a Spanish-language movie theater. The building was converted into a swap meet in 1987., construction to restore it to use as an entertainment venue is ongoing. The restored marquee was relit June 24, 2014. The Globe is now a multipurpose space for music, theatrical events and films. Current capacity: 2,000.</p><br>
<p>Tower Theatre – Movie theater – Located at 802 S. Broadway, the Tower opened in 1927 with a seating capacity of 1,000. It was the first of more than 70 theaters designed by S. Charles Lee, who described the Tower as a "modified French Renaissance" design. It was the first movie theater in Downtown Los Angeles equipped to accommodate talking pictures. It is now owned by the Broadway Theatre Group. The space was refurbished in 2021 for an Apple Store.</p><br>
<p>Rialto Theater – Movie theater – Located at 812 S. Broadway, the Rialto opened as Quinn&#39;s Rialto, a nickelodeon, in 1917. It was purchased by Sid Grauman in 1919, the year after he opened the Million Dollar Theater. Today the theater is home to an Urban Outfitters store.</p><br>
<p>Orpheum Theatre – Vaudeville theater and movie palace – Located at 842 S. Broadway, the Orpheum opened in 1926 as the fourth Los Angeles home for the Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Architect G. Albert Lansburgh designed the François Premier style interior. The Orpheum has hosted performances by Jack Benny, Eddie Cantor, Sophie Tucker, Will Rogers, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, the Marx Brothers, and Lena Horne. The Orpheum has also been featured in the Guns N Roses video, "November Rain," and in the Sean Penn-produced video for Jewels "You Were Meant for Me". In 2006, the film Dreamgirls was shot at the Orpheum. The television series So You Think You Can Dance and American Idol have used the Orpheum for Los Angeles auditions, and Idol has televised its early elimination rounds from the theater.</p><br>
<p>United Artists Theater (now The Theatre at Ace Hotel) – Movie palace – Located at 933 S. Broadway, the United Artists opened in 1927 with a seating capacity of 2,214. It was the showcase for movies from the United Artists group created in 1919 by Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith. The theater was designed by C. Howard Crane, with Walker & Eisen, in a Gothic style inspired by a church in Segovia, Spain. The columns feature terra cotta capitals carved with film and theater themed grotesques. The interior includes a series of frescoes and murals by the firm of Anthony Heinsbergen. In 1990, the United Artists Theater was restored by Gene Scotts L.A. University Church; Scott called on his television flock to come to Los Angeles to help with the restoration. Scotts famous "Jesus Saves" sign was placed on the back side of the building to avoid interfering with the original facade. In 2013 the upper floors of the building were renovated into a boutique hotel, the Ace Los Angeles; the auditorium has been returned to use as a concert venue and theater.</p><br>
<p>Of these theaters, only United Artists Theatre was not included in the original 1979 NRHP listed Broadway Theater and Commercial District.</p><br>
<h3>Other surviving theaters in the vicinity</h3><br>
<p>Warner Bros. Downtown Theatre – Vaudeville theater and movie palace – Located at 401 W. 7th St (northwest corner of South Hill and West 7th St). Opening on August 17, 1920, it was originally called the Pantages Theatre, but was renamed Warner Bros. Downtown Theatre in 1930 after the Hollywood Pantages Theatre was opened. The exterior has an imposing domed corner tower, flanked by twin facades on 7th and Hill. Later in the 1960s, it was known as the Warrens Theatre. It currently houses the Jewelry Theater Center, a marketplace of jewelry vendors.</p><br>
<p>Olympic Theatre – Movie palace – Located at 313 W. 8th St, half a block from S. Broadway, it originally opened in 1927 as Bard&#39;s 8th Street Theatre, converted from a restaurant. For a time, it had a second entrance on Broadway. After a period as a chandelier store, COS, a higher-end brand of H&M, began remodeling the store in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Mayan Theater – Vaudeville theater and movie palace – Located at 1014 South Hill Street. Opened in August 1927 and now designated a Historic Cultural Monument, the Mayan is currently used as a nightclub. Current capacity: 1,491</p><br>
<p>Belasco Theater – Legitimate theater – Located at 1050 South Hill Street, adjacent to the Mayan. Built by the Belasco brothers, and designed by Morgan, Walls and Clements. It served as a church from 1950 to 1987, renovations were completed in 2011 to modernize the sound and lighting systems. Current capacity: 1,601.</p><br>
<h3>Demolished theaters</h3><br>
<p>Some demolished theaters in and adjacent to the district are:</p><br>
<p>Burbank Theatre, 548-550 S. Main Street. Designed by Robert Brown Young, opened in 1893, demolished in 1973 or 1974. Sat 1027.</p><br>
<p>Mason Theatre, 127 S. Broadway. Opened in 1903 as the Mason Opera House, sat 1,600. Remodeled in 1924 by Meyer & Holler. Later, as the Mason Theatre, it showed Spanish-language films. Demolished in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Majestic Theatre, 845 S. Broadway. Opened in 1908, sat 1,600, and was built for Asher Hamburger by Edelman & Barnett with interior decoration by Antoon Molkenboer. Demolished in 1933, site of a parking lot until the 2010s, and now a complex of high-end fashion stores.</p><br>
<p>Shell Theatre, 547 S. Broadway. Opened in 1909 and later operated by W. H. Clune as a theater for women and children. Closing and demolition date unknown.</p><br>
<p>RKO Hillstreet Theatre, 801 S. Hill St., southwest corner of 8th and Hill. Opened in 1922, architect G. Albert Lansburgh, closed in 1963, demolished in 1965. Now the site is part of the 820 Olive residential and retail complex.</p><br>
<p>Paramount Theatre, previously known as Metropolitan Theatre, located on the northeast corner of 6th Street and Hill, with the Metropolitan Annex located at 553 S. Broadway connecting the theater to Broadway. Opened in 1923, closed in 1960, demolished in 1962. Site of the 16-story International Jewelry Center office building, opened in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Broadway Theatre, 424 S. Broadway. Opened in 1925, closed in 1988, designed by Lawrence McConville, and located on the ground floor of the Judson-Rives Building.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Because Broadway has been used as a filming location for decades, many of its theatre marquees can be seen in classic Hollywood films, including Safety Last! (1923), D.O.A. (1950), The Omega Man (1971), Blade Runner (1982), and The Artist (2011).</p><br>
